Top Stock Market Podcasts for Investment Insights
Intro
In today's fast-paced financial landscape, acquiring knowledge about investments is no longer confined to textbooks and classroom lectures. The rise of stock market podcasts offers a unique avenue for both novice investors and seasoned market players to delve deeper into the intricate mechanisms of investing. With the convenience of audio content, listeners can absorb insightful discussions, expert interviews, and real-world strategies while going about their daily routines.
This section will lay the groundwork for understanding the power of stock market podcasts steering the conversation around investment insights. By casting a spotlight on key investment concepts and various products in the financial arena, it sets the stage for a deeper exploration of the podcasts that are shaping the way investors think and act.
Investment Overview
Key Investment Concepts
Investment, at its core, revolves around the idea of allocating resourcesāoften moneyātoward ventures expected to generate future returns. With the stock market as a focal point, several key concepts stand out:
- Risk and Return: Understanding the trade-off is crucial. Higher potential returns are often accompanied by heightened risk. This fundamental principle guides many investment decisions.
- Diversification: Spreading investments across different asset classes reduces risk, akin to not putting all your eggs in one basket. A well-diversified portfolio can weather the ups and downs of the market.
- Market Trends: Keeping an eye on market trends helps investors anticipate shifts, make timely decisions, and stay ahead of the curve.
Types of Investment Products
Navigating the array of investment products can be daunting. Hereās a breakdown of common offerings:
- Stocks: Shares of ownership in a company, representing a claim on its assets and earnings.
- Bonds: Debt securities issued by corporations or governments, typically offering more predictable returns than stocks.
- Mutual Funds: Pooled investment vehicles that allow investors to participate in a diversified portfolio, managed by professionals.
- Exchange-Traded Funds (ETFs): Similar to mutual funds, but traded on stock exchanges like individual stocks, providing liquidity and flexibility.
- Options: Contracts that give investors the right, but not the obligation, to buy or sell an asset at a predetermined price.
Understanding these fundamental concepts and products is vital for making informed decisions in the stock market. Each podcast discussed later will touch upon various aspects of these principles, offering a wealth of knowledge and insight into investment strategies.
"The best time to plant a tree was twenty years ago. The second best time is now." - Chinese Proverb
This emphasizes the importance of acting on financial education today, as the market landscape continuously evolves. Through listening to the thoughtful presentations offered by leading stock market podcasts, individuals can equip themselves with the insights needed to navigate their investment journeys.
Prelims to Stock Market Podcasts
In an age where information is as good as gold, stock market podcasts are carving out a niche that can't be ignored. For both seasoned investors and beginners, these podcasts provide a unique platform to absorb financial knowledge in a convenient format. Unlike traditional media, podcasts allow listeners to digest critical insights while commuting, exercising, or even cooking. This adaptability makes them an invaluable tool in a fast-paced world where time is at a premium.
The growing trend of podcasts in the finance sector signifies a broader acceptance of audio content as a credible source of information. Listeners are not just passive recipients; they are active participants in their learning journey. Through engaging discussions and expert interviews, they gain varied viewpoints on market trends and investment strategies, all while developing their financial literacy.
The Rise of Audio Content in Finance
The surge in popularity of audio content, particularly podcasts, can be attributed to several factors. First off, the sheer rise of smartphone usage has made it easier for people to consume content on the go. You can dive into the minds of investment experts without having to flip through pages of a dense textbook. Additionally, podcasts democratize information; anyone with a smartphone can access high-level discussions, insights, and tips from financial gurus without breaking the bank on seminars or classes.
A recent study showed that over 20% of the population listens to podcasts regularly. Even if you consider it a side dish to your investing education, it's a tasty one. You can learn about the latest trends, hear firsthand experiences from industry veterans, and join conversations focused on your interests, all while you multitask. The flexibility that audio content offers simply can't be matched by traditional media formats.
Defining the Podcast Format
Podcasts typically follow one of several formats, which can significantly influence how the content is received by listeners. Some opt for a conversational style, where hosts discuss topics informally, often bringing in humor and relatable anecdotes. This makes complex financial concepts feel accessible. For example, a podcast might explore the intricacies of value investing while weaving in personal investment stories that reflect both successes and pitfalls.
Others may lean toward a more structured format, featuring interviews with experts or panel discussions. This approach often yields in-depth insights, as professionals share specific strategies, experiences, and predictions. The format a podcast adopts can shape not only the depth of financial knowledge conveyed but also how entertaining or engaging the content is.
Lastly, many podcasts make great use of listener interaction. Questions sent in by the audience can drive episodes, creating a two-way street between hosts and their audience. This active engagement contributes to a sense of community, making listeners feel valued and involved in their financial education journey. Understanding these formats allows listeners to choose podcasts that best fit their learning styles and investment goals.
Benefits of Engaging with Stock Market Podcasts
In todayās fast-moving financial environment, audiobooks are no longer the only way to learn while on the go. Stock market podcasts have blossomed into essential tools for individuals looking to better understand investing. They offer not just insights but also foster a sense of community among listeners. This section highlights the multifaceted benefits of engaging with these audio resources.
Accessibility and Convenience
One of the standout features of stock market podcasts is their accessibility. With a simple tap on a smartphone, anyone can listen to discussions with seasoned investors or analyses of market trends. This convenience allows investors to integrate learning into their daily routinesāwhether theyāre at the gym, commuting, or even cooking dinner.
Consider the following advantages:
- Flexible Listening: Unlike traditional classes or seminars that require your physical presence, podcasts can be consumed anywhere and anytime.
- Diverse Formats: From interviews to roundtable discussions, the variety in presentation styles can appeal to different preferences. Some might prefer a straightforward news update, while others might enjoy in-depth conversations.
- No Cost Barrier: Many podcasts are available for free, providing significant value without requiring a financial commitment.
Diverse Perspectives on Investment Strategies
Stock market podcasts often feature a plethora of voices. The eclectic mix of guestsāfrom financial analysts to successful entrepreneursāensures a rich tapestry of opinions and strategies. This diversity is invaluable for listeners navigating their investment journeys, as it allows them to compare different approaches and apply what resonates with them personally.
Some noteworthy points include:
- Contrasting Strategies: While one expert might advocate for value investing, another could be a proponent of day trading. This dynamic can spark critical thinking among listeners.
- Real-life Experiences: Many hosts share their successes and failures, offering practical insights that textbooks canāt provide. Hearing about real decisions made in real time and their resultant successes or failures can greatly aid understanding.
- Industry Trends: By listening to various experts, investors can stay updated on emerging trends and adjustments in the market landscape.
Real-Time Market Analysis
The world of finance is notoriously volatile. Stock market podcasts often incorporate timely market analysis, helping investors stay informed about the latest shifts and changes. Topics covered can range from economic reports to upcoming fiscal policies affecting investments.
Benefits of real-time insights include:
- Timeliness: With episodes often released daily or weekly, listeners get fresh information, crucial for making informed investment decisions.
- Informed Decision Making: Access to immediate expert opinions on market conditions can guide listeners in altering their strategies effectively before itās too late.
- Engagement with Current Events: Check out discussions that connect global events to the stock market. Understanding these connections can be pivotal in making sound investment choices.
"A podcast isnāt just an auditory experience; itās a vessel that carries wisdom and understanding through shared stories and unique insights."
By integrating stock market podcasts into their financial education, individuals can benefit from a flexible, diverse, and current medium that enhances their investing acumen. This growing trend is reshaping how we consume financial knowledge, allowing anyone, from eager novices to seasoned pros, to gain wisdom on the go.
Criteria for Evaluating Podcasts
Evaluating stock market podcasts is a crucial step in finding the ones that suit your investment needs. As the market is ever-evolving, so too are the ways in which we consume financial knowledge. Itās essential to sift through the noise and hone in on the offerings that truly provide value. Consider these criteria as a roadmap for selecting the right podcasts for your journey.
Quality of Content and Expertise
Not all podcasts are created equal, and the quality of the content is paramount. When diving into a stock market podcast, the listener should find information presented by credible sources. This often means hosts who have a background in finance or investmentābe it as analysts, seasoned investors, or academic professionals. Checking for relevant qualifications can pave the way for a deeper understanding of the topics discussed. A podcast where the hosts share their own investment experiences or lessons learned can add a layer of practical wisdom.
Moreover, in-depth analysis is vital. A mere surface-level discussion doesnāt cut it; listeners crave thorough insights. In this respect, the content must not only be accurate but also insightful, challenging the listener to think critically about their investment strategies,
"The quality of the information provided often dictates the effectiveness of your learning process; knowledge is only as powerful as its origin."
Presentation and Engagement Style
Whatās a great podcast without captivating delivery? The presentation style can make or break the listening experience. A podcast that adopts an engaging narrative, peppered with relatable personal anecdotes, helps keep listeners in the loop. The tone should strike a balanceātoo formal might lose the casual listener while too casual may not appeal to serious investors.
Conversational flow is key. Effective use of pauses, emphatic delivery, and a natural rhythm in speaking can transform a textbook lesson into an engaging discussion. Good hosts ask thought-provoking questions and create a dialogue that invites listeners to reflect.
Guest Speakers and Industry Insights
The inclusion of guest speakers with unique insights can offer rich value. These guests often bring diverse ideas and frameworks from their respective fields, enriching the discussions. Engaging with voices from different corners of the finance world can expose listeners to various investment philosophies, risk assessments, and market predictions. Itās not just about sharing knowledge; itās about building a multifaceted view of the stock market.
Ensuring a variety of perspectives allows listeners to grasp complex concepts from multiple angles. Specific guests known for their expertise can heighten the podcast's credibility and enhance its content richness. Look for episodes that feature industry leaders or influential thinkers as these moments often hold gems of wisdom that can inform your investment decisions.
Top Stock Market Podcasts to Explore
In the fast-moving world of finance, stock market podcasts have carved out a niche for themselves. They serve not only as a source of information but also as a beacon of guidance for both fledgling and experienced investors. These podcasts cover a breadth of topics from investment strategies, market updates, and personal finance advice. By delving into the top stock market podcasts available today, listeners can hone their financial acumen, gain insightful perspectives, and navigate the complexities of investing.
The value of engaging with these podcasts lies in their accessibility. Unlike traditional media, podcasts fit seamlessly into our daily routines. Whether on the commute to work or while exercising, investors can absorb knowledge without needing to set aside dedicated reading time. Moreover, the variety of perspectives offered encourages critical thinking and varied approaches to investment.
The Investor's Podcast
Focus on Value Investing
The Investor's Podcast dives deep into value investing, a strategy dependent on identifying undervalued stocks that are likely to appreciate over time. This theme significantly contributes to understanding the core principles of stock market investing. It features in-depth analysis backed by historical performance data, helping listeners grasp the rationale behind investment decisions.
What makes this podcast particularly engaging is its deep focus on the principles set out by renowned investors like Warren Buffett. This creates a framework for novice investors to follow, presenting actionable advice that is often lacking in other formats. The unique trait of its value investing focus reinforces listeners' understanding of intrinsic value, enabling them to develop a sharper analytical lens when evaluating potential investments. This can lead to better investment choices over time, although it does require patience and discipline.
Key Episodes and Themes
Key episodes within The Investor's Podcast highlight significant themes crucial to understanding market dynamics. By focusing on critical market events and investor behavior, each episode builds a narrative that aligns with current financial landscapes. This dynamic adaptability allows the podcast to stay relevant, ensuring listeners are informed about ongoing developments affecting investments.
The discussion surrounding recent events in the market offers pivotal insights, making it a beneficial resource for those wishing to stay ahead of the curve. Over time, episodes that dissect popular stocks or industry trends provide listeners with a well-rounded view of market forces at play. This not only enhances market literacy but also encourages continued engagement with the content, although it may necessitate a higher level of attention from the listener to follow every thread.
Marketplace
Daily Market Updates and Analysis
Marketplace brings listeners daily market updates and insightful analysis, transforming financial news into digestible content. The focus on current market conditions helps dissect daily shifts in stock prices and trends effectively. This consistent delivery of fresh information allows investors to remain agile, adjusting their strategies in real time.
Its key characteristic is the ability to explain the complexities of financial markets without bogging down listeners in jargon. The simplicity and clarity of the discussions make it accessible for everyone. However, some listeners may find the rapid pace of updates challenging, particularly when trying to maintain a comprehensive understanding of events unfolding in real-time.
Current Affairs Impacting Markets
By integrating current affairs that impact the markets, Marketplace enriches its content substantially. Economic data, policy changes, or geopolitical shifts can all trigger market movements. Thus, understanding these factors is critical for any investor looking to make informed decisions.
The direct connection to news events creates a sense of immediacy, allowing listeners to contextualize market movements with real-world developments. Notably, the emphasis on current affairs provides a distinct edge, presenting a dynamic interaction between politics and economics while highlighting potential risks. However, one must be cautious as overemphasis on daily news can sometimes lead to reactive investment strategies, which may not always be suitable for long-term developments.
Motley Fool Money
Expert Stock Picks and Economic Trends
Motley Fool Money stands out for its focus on expert stock picks and the broader economic trends influencing them. By featuring a variety of stock recommendations, listeners gain invaluable insights into potential investment opportunities. Each episode often showcases actionable strategies inspired by seasoned investors. This not just promotes a culture of making informed decisions but enables discussions to become more rooted in actual performance metrics.
The unique feature is the blend of detailed analysis with practical tips straight from experts, creating a well-rounded listening experience. However, new investors might find the stock selection process daunting without sufficient foundational knowledge.
Engaging Discussion with Experts
This podcast is also well-known for its engaging expert discussions that make hard-to-grasp concepts more relatable. The insights shared by industry experts not only enrich the content but offer diverse viewpoints on stock selection strategies. Such discussions foster critical thinking amongst listeners and encourage them to explore various investment angles.
This dynamic exchange often equips listeners with confidence at the time of making investment decisions, promoting a more proactive approach. However, while the richness of these discussions is advantageous, it can sometimes lead to information overload for those not used to analytical financial discussions.
Invest Like the Best
Conversations with Successful Investors
Invest Like the Best revolves around conversations with numerous successful investors, providing listeners the opportunity to absorb wisdom straight from the horse's mouth. This unique perspective offers insights into personal journeys, strategic thinking, and the resilience required for investing success, enhancing the podcast's appeal to both novices and seasoned investors.
The invaluable real-world experiences shared by these investors make it an engaging choice. This format presents success stories filled with practical lessons, motivating listeners to adopt effective strategies. However, itās important to note that while success stories are inspiring, they can sometimes create unrealistic expectations around investment performance.
Strategic Insights and Personal Anecdotes
By focusing on strategic insights alongside personal anecdotes, this podcast enriches the listening experience, solidifying concepts into actionable knowledge. It emphasizes applying these insights to personal investment strategies, thereby bridging the gap between theory and practice.
Listeners can extract various strategies tailored from different investing philosophies that fit their individual needs. However, the varied investment approaches shared might require listeners to sift through differing philosophies to distill what truly resonates with their personal investment styles.
The Dave Ramsey Show
Focus on Personal Finance and Investment
The Dave Ramsey Show effectively addresses personal finance while incorporating investment strategies into its dialogue. This unique approach highlights the interconnectedness of personal finance management with investment decisions. By emphasizing budget planning, debt payoff strategies, and savings, it paves the way for more informed investment choices for individuals at all financial levels.
The ability to discuss finances in a holistic manner makes it a popularity choice for listeners who are new to the world of investing. However, the focus on personal finance means it might not delve as deeply into technical investment analysis as some listeners may desire.
Advice on Debt Management and Wealth Building
Advice regarding debt management and wealth building is central to The Dave Ramsey Show's appeal. These discussions help listeners grasp the importance of foundational financial health before diving deeper into investing. This alignment ensures that investments made later on are sustainable and ordained with clear financial objectives.
Unique features include step-by-step guidance on creating financial independence, blending motivational talks with practical advice. While such advice is undoubtedly beneficial, some may find the emphasis on debt relief may overshadow discussions surrounding wealth accumulation and investment growth if taken too far.
Features of an Effective Stock Market Podcast
In the world of financial podcasts, not all shows are created equal. When navigating through the sea of content available to investors, understanding the traits that make a podcast truly effective can significantly enhance the learning experience. It isnāt just about discussing stocks; it involves a deep dive into narratives, diverse viewpoints, and the presentation style that can keep listeners engaged. Here are the key features that contribute to a stock market podcast's efficiency and appeal.
In-Depth Interviews and Discussions
Diving deep into subjects can differentiate an effective podcast from its counterparts. Good podcasts often host industry experts, seasoned investors, or market analysts to unravel complex topics. These conversations donāt just skim the surface; they explore normal questions that typical investors may have, such as why certain stocks or strategies performed poorly or exceptionally well. An effective podcast, for instance, might feature an interview with a hedge fund manager who shares insights on their decision-making process or a financial advisor explaining the latest trends in the market. Here are some benefits of such discussions:
- Enhanced Understanding: Listeners gain clarity on intricate financial concepts.
- Expert Insights: Direct advice from veterans can offer unique perspectives not found in textbooks.
- Personal Stories: Real-world examples from guests can make the learning relatable and tangible.
The richness of content in these interviews foster a deeper connection with the material and helps aspiring investors build confidence in their investment strategies.
Timely and Relevant Topics
In such a fast-paced financial world, the importance of discussing timely issues cannot be overstated. A podcast that stays updated with current events, economic developments, and market shifts resonates well with listeners who are looking to stay informed. For instance, engaging discussions about the impact of interest rate changes or unforeseen market crashes can equip the audience with immediate knowledge to make decisions. Listeners appreciate when:
- Current Events are Analyzed: Understanding how recent news affects trends can help avoid knee-jerk reactions.
- Critical Topics are Addressed: Covering subjects like digital currencies or environmental, social, and governance (ESG) investing can offer fresh insights into growing interests.
- Market Predictions are Discussed: When hosts share their outlook on future market conditions based on data, it provides listeners with a framework for their investment strategies.
By focusing on timely topics, podcasts not only sharpen relevance but also keep their audience engaged, which is crucial for fostering loyalty.
Listener Interaction and Questions
Encouraging listener participation can transform a passive experience into an interactive learning journey. Many effective podcasts incorporate mechanisms for audience interaction, whether through social media platforms or live Q&A segments. For instance, a segment dedicated to answering listener questions can address specific concerns that may not have been covered in regular episodes. Benefits of including this feature are:
- Community Building: Creating a sense of belonging among listeners fosters engagement and loyalty.
- Direct Feedback: Responding to listener queries allows hosts to tailor their content based on audience needs.
- Interactive Learning: By addressing real-life situations faced by listeners, the podcast becomes more applicable and relatable.
"A podcast that listens to its audience evolves; it becomes a resource that actively addresses the wants and needs of those it serves."
In summary, an effective stock market podcast encompasses in-depth discussions and interviews, focuses on relevant and timely topics, and integrates listener engagement, creating a holistic learning ground for investors. Together, these elements foster a rich environment for knowledge acquisition, empowering listeners to explore the complexities of the stock market more confidently.
Navigating Podcast Platforms
In the digital age, the way we consume information has shifted dramatically. For investors looking for insights into the stock market, navigating podcast platforms has become essential. Itās not just about tuning into your favorite financial show; it's about harnessing the right tools to access valuable content while fitting it into your busy lifestyle.
Choosing the Right Podcast App
The right podcast app can significantly enhance your listening experience. Not all podcast platforms are created equal, and understanding their features can steer you toward the best option for your needs.
Comparative Features and Usability
When it comes to comparative features and usability, users often gravitate toward apps that offer seamless navigation and an intuitive interface. A standout characteristic here is the ability to create custom playlists. This functionality enables investors to organize episodes by topics, such as "Value Investing" or "Market Analysis."
This organization aids the learning process, allowing listeners to consume information efficiently and revisit critical episodes as needed. Additionally, some apps come equipped with smart algorithms that suggest new content based on previous listens, keeping feedd fresh and engaging.
However, not all apps provide the same level of support when it comes to usability. Some may fall short in customer service, leaving users frustrated when troubleshooting issues. Others might not adapt to user preferences effectively, leading to a less satisfying experience overall.
Accessibility Across Devices
Accessibility across devices is another crucial aspect of podcast platforms. With busy schedules, itās common for listeners to switch from their smartphone to a laptop or tablet. Apps that offer multi-device synchronization allow episodes to be paused on one device and resumed on another without losing your spot.
A popular characteristic is cloud storage, which ensures that users can access their podcasts wherever they are. This flexibility supports continuous learning, whether during commutes, workouts, or quiet evenings at home.
Nevertheless, there can be drawbacks with some apps that feature compatibility issues with certain operating systems, restricting user access on their preferred devices. This limitation can hinder the seamless experience that many investors seek when integrating podcasts into their learning routine.
Subscribing and Organizing Podcasts
Subscribing and organizing podcasts is no trivial matter. Many investors overlook the importance of this process, but an organized library makes a world of difference.
Finding the right subscription model can enhance your financial education. Platforms that allow users to save favorite episodes for later help ensure that critical insights donāt slip through the cracks. Furthermore, utilizing folders or tags can assist in categorizing podcasts based on themes, making it easier to locate relevant content.
Integrating Podcasts into Financial Learning
As investors dive deeper into the vast sea of financial knowledge, integrating podcasts into one's learning strategy could be a game changer. This method not only enhances understanding but also makes the learning process more engaging and dynamic. The audio format allows for a rich exploration of investment topics that can often feel daunting. With the right podcasts, listeners can bridge the gap between theory and practical application in the financial markets.
Pairing Podcasts with Reading Material
The synergy of pairing podcasts with reading material can elevate one's grasp of investment concepts significantly. When listeners engage with both mediums, they benefit from multiple viewpoints on the same subject, solidifying their understanding and retention. Consider the following:
- Diverse Sources of Information: This approach allows listeners to see how different experts tackle the same problem or theme. For instance, a podcast discussing stock analysis paired with a published book on market behaviors can provide well-rounded insights.
- Enhanced Comprehension: Reading provides the depth of detail, while podcasts offer practical examples and discussions. This blending results in a more comprehensive learning experience.
- Active Engagement: Taking notes while listening to podcasts and then reinforcing that knowledge through reading creates an active learning environment, which has been shown to enhance memory retention.
Developing a Structured Listening Schedule
Creating a structured listening schedule can make a world of difference in how effectively one assimilates information from various podcasts. Without some organization, it's easy to become overwhelmed by the sheer volume of content available. Here are points to consider:
- Set Specific Goals: Identify what knowledge you want to gain from listening. It could be understanding market trends, learning about specific investment vehicles, or following economic indicators.
- Allocate Time Wisely: Set aside dedicated time slots during the week to listen to these podcasts, treating them like classes or workshops. A specific time commitment leads to better consistency.
- Mix it Up: Donāt confine your listening to one specific type of podcast. Rotate between ones focused on various aspects of finance, from personal investing tips to broader economic discussions.
- Final Takeaways: After each session, jot down key insights or concepts you learned. This will not only aid reinforcement but also guide any further reading you may want to undertake.
Listening to a podcast while commuting or engaging in a leisurely activity makes the learning process feel less like a chore and more like a casual deep dive into new concepts.
Integrating these strategies into your financial learning journey can lead to more informed investment decisions. One can truly harness the power of audio content to foster financial literacy. Whether a novice hoping to understand the mechanisms of the market or a seasoned investor refining strategies, the combination of podcasts and structured learning can lead to a more profound investment knowledge.
Closure
The importance of financial literacy cannot be overstated in today's fast-paced economic environment. As investors navigate through unpredictable markets, the role of podcasts has become increasingly crucial. They offer not only insights but also a diverse range of perspectives. By engaging with podcasts, individuals can transform complex financial concepts into more digestible content, ultimately leading to better-informed decisions.
The Role of Podcasts in Financial Literacy
Podcasts serve as a gateway to understanding the intricacies of the stock market. They break down sophisticated topics and translate them into everyday language that resonates with people, regardless of their financial background. This accessibility fosters a sense of community, encouraging listeners to explore and discuss financial concepts in a more casual manner. Moreover, the variety offered within podcasts means there's something for everyone. From expert opinions to personal anecdotes, listeners gain multi-faceted views on investment strategies.
The trend so far has been promising: as more investors tune in, the knowledge gap is slowly closing. Increased engagement with financial literacy content can demystify investment choices, instilling confidence in new investors. The call to action is clearāutilizing podcasts can significantly bolster oneās financial acumen.
Future Landscape of Financial Podcasting
Looking ahead, the landscape of financial podcasting appears to be evolving. Increased competition has driven content creators to innovate, ensuring their offerings stand out. We may see a rise in interactive platforms where listeners can engage more actively, possibly through Q&A sessions or live discussions. This could deepen the listener's experience and enhance their understanding of the material.
Additionally, technology continues to reshape how audio content is consumed. With advancements such as artificial intelligence, tailored content could be delivered, aligning with individual investment goals and preferences. Moreover, collaborations with industry experts will likely surge, providing listeners the opportunity to gain insights direct from the horse's mouth.